Negative Particles in English Grammar

Definition and Examples of Family Slang in English

The informal term family slang refers to words and phrases (neologisms) created, used, and generally understood only by the members of a family. Also called kitchen table lingo, family words, and domestic slang. A lot of these words, says Bill Lucas, a trustee of the English Project at Winchester University, are inspired by the sound or the look of a thing, or are driven by an emotional response to that being described. Examples [Examples of this] sort of vocabulary [i.e., family slang or kitchen table lingo] . . . include words for items for which no standard name exists, like Blenkinsop (a comical-sounding but authentic British family name) for the little tab which slides across the top of self-sealing plastic bags for refrigeration, or trunklements to describe bits and pieces, personal possessions. Words which have moved into wider circulation such as helicopter and velcroid for intrusive parents or neighbors, howler for baby, and chap-esse for female probably originated in family usage. (Tony Thorne,  Dictionary of Contemporary Slang, 4th ed.  Bloomsbury,  Ã‚  2014)Greebles and TwangerIf there was no word for a thing, Sally Wallace invented it: greebles meant little bits of lint, especially those which feet brought into bed; twanger was the word for something whose name you dont know or cant remember. (D.T. Max, The Unfinished. The New Yorker, March 9, 2009)Hotchamachacha!One of [my fathers] favori te words Ive never heard on anyone elses lips: hotchamachacha! I imagine this began life as a conjurors invocation, like abracadabra. My father uses it, though, to create a general sense of humorous mystification (Am I going to get a chemistry set for my birthday, Daddy? Hotchamachacha!), or to pour scorn on what someone (usually me) is saying (Come on--quick--seven nines! Um... eighty-two? Hotchamachacha!), or to warn you urgently against doing something dangherooz. (Michael Frayn, My Fathers Fortune: A Life. Metropolitan Books, 2010)KaboofI’m 64 years old and ever since I can remember, we’ve called the area under stairs (the crawlspace) the kaboof. (Paula Pocius, Grammar Composition blog, December 31, 2007)Missmas CardsMissmas Cards are those you send after receiving Christmas Cards from people to whom you would not have sent, and which will surely arrive at their destination after Christmas. (Tanja, Grammar Composition blog, December 31, 2007)Manniversary and Mund ungus DrawerThe Today program (Today, BBC Radio 4) asked its listeners to e-mail in their kitchen table lingo:Manniversary: John Roser and his partner use this to describe their annual anniversary.Mundungus Drawer: a drawer in Caroline Harris kitchen where everything and anything lives. Splosh, Gruds, and Frarping: Family Slang in Britain Linguists have published a new list of ‘domestic’ slang words which they say are now commonplace in British homes. Unlike some other slang, these words are used by people of all generations and are often used as a way to bond with other family members. According to the research, people are now more than likely to ask for splosh, chupley or blish when they fancy a cup of tea. And among the 57 new words identified meaning television remote control are blabber, zapper, melly and dawicki. The new words were published this week in the Dictionary of Contemporary Slang  [2014],  which examines the changing language of today’s society... Other household slang used by families include grooglums, the bits of food left in the sink after washing up, and slabby-gangaroot, the dried ketchup left around the mouth of the bottle.The personal possessions of a grandparent are now referred to as trunklements, while underpants are known as gruds.And in less well-mannered households, there is a new word for the act of scratching one’s backside--frarping. (Eleanor Harding, Fancy a Blish? The Daily Mail [UK], March 3, 2014) Homely Terms - Family slang undoubtedly does in one way or another modify and create novel forms of speech which tend to become homely terms of unconventional usage. It may even be true that the most insignificant member of the family, the baby, may have the greatest influence in the matter of introducing novel forms. (Granville Hall, The Pedagogical Seminary, 1913)- More often than not, family words can be traced back to a child or grandparent, and sometimes they get passed down from generation to generation. They seldom escape the province of one family or a small cluster of families--so are therefore seldom written down and must be gathered in conversation. (Paul Dickson, Family Words, 2007)

Pre-Emptive Force According to Michael Walzer Essay

Pre-emptive force is commonly recognised as a preventative use of force. Michael Walzer identifies that pre-emptive force is when both states defend themselves against violence that is imminent but not actual; the state can fire shots if it knows it is about to be attacked (2006: 74). â€Å" †¦there must be shown a necessity of self defence†¦ instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation.† (Berkley, 1968). This would allow a state to respond to an attack once the targeted state had seen it coming but before it felt its impact. Pre-emption is then like a reflex â€Å"a throwing up of ones arms at the very last minute† (Walzer, 2006: 75). Putting aside the definitions of pre-emptive war, the question of whether or not†¦show more content†¦Misunderstandings arise looking at Article 51 in international law that gives the right to self- defence. It is debatable as to whether this is an explicit right, only exercisable in response to armed attack or whether it allows force in response to potential attacks. Article 2(4) of the UN charter states that the use of force by states is banned however this has not stopped over one hundred large conflicts since 1945. States generally use international law as an excuse and form of justification for their actions (Evans, 2006: 589). Article 2(4) declares â€Å"all members shall abstain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the UN.† Yet the main exception is self- defence (Evans, 2006: 598). The article does not make clear what constitutes self- defence. How is a state to distinguish self-defense from hegemonic desires? The International Court of Justice (ICJ) was confronted with questions about the meaning of ‘threat of force’, it concluded that a threat of force is illegal when the actual use of force threatened would itself be unlawful; the ICJ rejected to identify that the mere possession of nuclear weapons was an unlawful threat of force. This suggests that the mere possession of nuclear weapons, despite their extremely threatening appearance, cannot be an actual pending threat, in the case of Iran,Show MoreRelated Just War and Pacifism Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pages The question Can war be justified? plagued mankind since the first war. The Just War Theory holds that war can be just. The theory has evolved for thousands of years and modern theorists, such as Michael Walzer, author of Just and Unjust Wars, puts forth criteria for a just war, such as jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Jus ad bellum includes reasons for going to war, and jus in bello deals with the people who wage war. The criteria in jus ad bellum include; just cause, declaration by a proper

Recovery Approach and Mentalk Illness-Free-Samples-myassignment

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Recovery Approach. 2.Discuss about the Role of People in the Development of the Recovery Approach 3.Discuss about the Component of Recovery. Answers: 1.Recovery Approach The recovery approach developed after several long-term studies of people with mental illnesses indicated that there was a chance for partial or complete recovery. The realization that each patients path to recovery is unique was important in changing the approaches that were previously used and adopting the recovery approach. This was supported by the Studies that were carried out by the World Health Organization since 1970-1990 across nations (Field Reed, 2016). The studies provided strong evidence of the possibility of full recovery for patients with mental illness. The personal testimonies of recovery also led the development of this approach and the implementation of policies to enforce it. Mainly through the efforts of ex-patients movements, the recovery approach was incorporated into psychiatric care (Caplan, 2013). The Historical Factors that played a role in the development of Recovery Approach One of the movements that played a significant role in the recovery approach is the disability right movement. The movements begun in the 1960s encouraged by other movements like the womens right movement and the civil rights movement. The disability right movement focused on people with all forms of disability, which include the mental and physical disability alongside hearing and visual disability. In the case of mental disability, the movement played a vital role in the recovery approach. For instance, the movement advocated for the rights of people with mental illness by focusing on the individual ability to live an independence life through paid assistance care and to gain self determines. In addition, the movement ensured people with mental disability accessed education and employment opportunities, the organization made has made this possible through the provision of adaptive technology to enable them gain independence (Kidd, McKenzie, Virdee, 2014). Similarly, the civil rights movement begun in mid 1960s with the aim of securing equal rights and equally opportunities for all people, this includes the people with disability. The movement aimed to enable people living with disability especially those suffering from mental illness lives as active members of the community; this was realized by fighting for their rights en freeing them from neglect and abuse. The consumer movement encourage by the human rights movement began in the 20th century with the aim of addressing a limited set of issues including the rights for people with disability. The movements advocated for the rights of people with mental disability in gaining acceptance in the workforce and other activities in which they excluded in the past (Schrank, Brownell, Tylee, Slade, 2014). 2.Role of People in the Development of the Recovery Approach Apart from the influence of ex-patient groups, the emergence of other groups such as the womens rights movements, the gay movements, and other human rights movements provided an opportunity for former mental health patients to organize groups that had a common goal of fighting for the human rights of the patients (Schrank, Brownell, Tylee, Slade, 2014). Some of the right that these groups were fighting for was the rights against forceful treatment, stigma, and discrimination, this is substantial in ensuring that this group of people receive proper healthcare like the rest of the population (Kidd, McKenzie, Virdee, 2014). People with a lived experience of mental health challenges contributed greatly to the development of recovery approach. Many of these individuals voiced their grievances over the poor services that were offered in psychiatric institutions and they began a revolution that brought about the changes in the system. The personal experiences of abuse by some of the patients brought to light the unfairness of the system in the mental institutions. Ex-patients such as Judi Chamberlin wrote on the alternatives that could be used in the mental health system and this greatly influenced the adoption of the recovery approach (Hungerford Fox , 2014). The numerous information provided by the patients on the ineffectiveness of the system also played a major role in the early development of the recovery model, which led to an improved service delivery by the healthcare providers. The leaders from the several survivor groups decided to form an independent human rights coalition that focused on the problems in the mental health system (Drake Whitley , 2014). The growth and strength of these movements made the plight of patients known widely and the policy makers had no choice but to work together with them to ensure the system was favorable to the patients during their care. Their persistence and unity were essential in proving that there was a need for change. The fact that they also came up with an alternative approach to the abusive one was also very helpful, as it offered the policy makers a chance to see that it was indeed possible to change the way the patients received treatment and still achieve full recovery (Wahlbeck, 2015). Therefore, it is the interventions from the leaders from the surviving groups that influenced the change in the services provided in the mental health facilities. 3.Component of Recovery There are key components to recovery that are unique to every individual and are related to the individuals social surrounding. They include connectedness, identity, hope and optimism, empowerment and lastly meaning and purpose (Hyde, Bowles, Pawar, 2015). The first component is connectedness, which entails supportive relationships. The patient needs to have other people who believe in their ability to recover and support them. The community, the individuals family, and friends are of great importance in offering the needed support. Other people who have gone through similar experiences can also be helpful in recovery and establish self-esteem. The second component is identity, which involves regaining a sense of self which had been lost. It is usually made possible by a sense of belonging in a social set up and ensuring the patient copes with any feelings of loss or despair. Important Component in Recovery Hope is also an important component in recovery. It involves making the patient believe in them and ensuring they have the willingness to go through the setbacks they may face. It also involves building trust and being able to risk failure without giving up. The fourth component is empowerment, which involves building a secure base and network. The housing services for the patients need to be flexible and according to their wishes. Self-determination is important in reducing psychological distress and improving decision making regarding self-care (Stickley, Higgins, Meade, Doyle, Voukila-Oikkonen, 2016). Empowerment also involves social inclusion and overcoming social stigma. The final component is finding meaning and purpose. This allows the patient to engage in self-help care such as making decisions about medication and therapy. It also involves recovering a social role or professional role where the individual tries to regain a normal social life where they can work and support themselves. The recovery approach views recovery as a social aspect instead of a medical aspect. It involves restoration of normal social functioning and it can occur without professional intervention. It mainly depends on the individuals surrounding the patient and the support they give to them during recovery. It also entails recovery from the resulting consequences of the mental condition and focuses mainly on the social, physical, social and spiritual wellness of the individual (Slade, Amering, O'Hagan, Panther, 2014) References Caplan, G. (2013). an approach to community mental health. Routledge. Drake, R. E., Whitley , R. (2014). Recovery and severe mentalk illness: description and analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 236-242. Field, B. I., Reed, K. (2016). The Rise and Fall of the Mental Health Recovery Model. The International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 20(2), 86-95. Hungerford, C., Fox , C. (2014). Consumer's perceptions of Recovery-oriented mental health services: An Australian case study analysis. Nursing and health sciences, 16(2), 209-215. Hyde, B., Bowles, W., Pawar, M. (2015). 'We're Still in There' - Consumer Voices on Mental Health Inpatient Care: Social Work Research Highlighting Lessons for Recovery Practice. British Journal of Social Work, 62-78. Kidd, S. A., McKenzie, K. J., Virdee, G. (2014). Mental health reform at a systems level: widening the lens on recovery-oriented care. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(5), 243-249. Schrank, B., Brownell, T., Tylee, A., Slade, M. (2014). "Positive Psychology: An approach to supporting recovery in mental illness.". East Asaian Archives of psychiatry, 95. Slade, M., Amering, M., O'Hagan, M., Panther, G. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: implementing recovery oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12-20. Stickley, T., Higgins, A., Meade, O., Doyle, L., Voukila-Oikkonen, P. (2016). From the rhetoric to the real: A critical review of how the concepts of recovery and socila inclusion may inform mental health nurse advanced level curricula- The eMenthe project. Nurse education today, 155-163. Wahlbeck, K. (2015). Public Mental health: the time is ripe for translation of evidence into practice. World psychiatry, 14(1), 36-42