Animal Symmetry Essay Example for Free

Animal Symmetry Essay1. Animals with radiate symmetry function differently than animals with bilateral symmetry. opposed animals with bilateral symmetry, these organisms use their appendages, usually tentacles, to bring in food to its mouth, which is located at its center. Also, animals with radial symmetry have less complicated systems than animals with bilateral symmetry. The radial symmetry automobile trunk intent involves appendages radiating out from the center of the organism, this means that most systems are not included in these animals.Since the radial symmetry body plan has little to no systems, this makes the animals less intelligent than the bilateral symmetry body plan. This means animals with radial symmetry cannot react as well as other animals. This also means the organism cannot, see, taste, smell, or think as well, as bilateral symmetry animals. Due to this disability, any animal that follows this body plan has adapted to be able to react without these sens es. Though this makes it harder for the animal to function, by using a different life style it can survive. The cnidarian take in by pulling food in with its tentacles. This lack of senses means that the cnidarian relies on prey swimming into its tentacles.After eating, the waste then exists the way it entered, by means of the mouth. These animals have limited motion, relying mainly on currents to move, or not even moving at all. Cnidarians also reproduce fairly simply. When they reproduce asexually, they bud. This means that a new cnidarian grows off of an existing one. When they reproduce sexually, the female makes an abundance of eggs, and the male secretes sperm in the hope of fertilizing the eggs. That is the lifestyle of the cnidarian.

Malaysian Public Administration Essay Example for Free

Malaysian Public Administration EssayThis report is only possible with the sincere dedication of our group members and Dr. WasonLueangpapat, Public Administration Professor. For the members, their contributions and hard add has been the chance to fulfill their part of the distributed duty in Public Administration of Malaysia. As researchers and editors, we especially want to acknowledge the Comparative Public Administration lecturer, Ajarn. Dr. WasonLueangpapat, to his golden contributed lectures and every example that he has tried to make us understand.Even though, we still did not get them. The other groups that we must acknowledge are our parents who generate us up and sponsor for every tutorial fee and other financial supports. Finally, an untold number of people made it possible for us to lick on this Malaysia report, including friends and former teachers in high school. We deeply appreciate the support and contributions of all.This report is a term assignment that we m ust research and analyze (1) social organization, (2) process, (3) challenge, and (4) variety in public administration of interested country. In this report, these topics allow answering such questions as * What is the general background of Malaysia?What is the Malaysians governmental structure and process? * What are the challenges of Malaysians public administration? * How Malaysia deals with those upcoming challenges? This report has included what topics that ajarn. Wason has mentioned during QampA on our group presentation, Decentralization and local brass section in Malaysia * British Colonial Legacy * Decentralization * Inter-Governmental Relationships Community Relations and Emerging Recentralization * Process Toward Recentralization and Weakening on Decentralization * Reinforcing CentralizationRestructuring and Impact on Decentralization * Where to Decentralization? This report required a lot of time consuming because there are many detail to research and look through. th ereof members attempted to copy and paste information into this report which was considered as plagiarism. As the editor of this report, I had already asked them to make every copy and paste into their give languages and paraphrases. We had tried our best to accomplish this paper. Please give us a suitable mark.

A Study On Mass Media Social Norms Media Essay

A Study On Mass Media Social zero(prenominal)ms Media EssayChauhan (2001) in his book boob tube set and societal transformation has empirically studied the strike of television on college students with regard to their social life sentence, semipolitical attitudes, educational performance and their reactions to the advertisement and enjoyment programmes. The memorise suggested that the majority of the respondents admitted that changes have come in their dormancy timings, study timings and also the visiting and the entertaining the guests. Some political serials and programmes have promoted the feelings of patriotism, the political talk-shows was adapted to establish rapport with the masses as it was admitted by the respondents. mass of the respondents liked showing advertisements. Regarding the bulge of women on television screen the students did not like the counselling in which the women argon shown on the screen. Moreover, they had no objection regarding the projectio n of children on T.V. screen. Most of the students admitted improvement in their examination results. Finally the respondents suggested allotting much than time to entertainment programme as comp ared to early(a) programmes.39Shanahan and Morgan (1992) conducted a comparative matter study of how adolescents use T.V. and how this relates to interactions with their families in five countries, namely Argentina, Taiwan, Korea, China and USA. In the following study the issues addressed including television exposure, family conflict over television and the affinity of T.V. public opinioning to family communication. The study bear witnesss a strong positive association amongst the parents in Argentina, Taiwan and USA. Most of the adolescents watch television with their parents and feel closer and more satisfied the amount of time spends together. 40Kuo-Yi Wu (1990) studies the role and contribution of television in shaping of social perception much(prenominal) as stimulate roles , disgust and violence, inter-personal relationships and ageing in Taiwan. In terminations of perception of sex roles, contribution of television cover is distinctly contingent upon the background and other social conditions. A more all-encompassing stance is related to heavier-than-air reckon audience both Chinese or American programmes among females and those with high enatic education. They generally prefer the contradictory programme to the indigenous programmes. A consistent and remarkable relationship is found between weekday viewing and a more mistrustful world view. 41Kang (1989) studies the measures of the pervasiveness of the heathenish outlook in Korean T.V. programming. The study wayed on Korean students perception about traditional and western values in terms of sex roles, the family system, violence and social deviance. He conducted his study on 1169 Junior High School students in Seoul, Korea. Although the finding are not statistically enormous, they seem to indicate that heavy Korean T.V. viewing is weakly related to traditional sex roles, the liberal attitudes towards dating and marriage and to a distorted social earth on violence and social dominance.42Kang (1989) in his study indicate that Korean students who watch more AFKN (American Forces Korean Network) are more in all likelihood to take more liberal position on the sex role attitudes. He apprehended that compared to male, females are predisposed to think and behave in certain non-traditional ways such as wearing jeans and departingness to discount Confucianism. The females also felt that they would share dating expanses. 43Ware and Michael (1994) analysed 17 quantitative studies from 16 publications using the Meta analysis approach. A significant positive association between exposure to entertainment programmes and the dependent variables suggest that programmes imported from U.S have a small but statistically significant bear upon on the foreign audience. The study rev ealed that exposure to U.S. entertainment programmes is more likely to increase preference for American products and influence attitudes toward America. The study also says that exposure to U.S. tv set programming al cardinal will not automatically generate an adoption of U.S. values. This squeeze is influenced by both study characteristics and types of dependent measure.44Sharriffadin (1995) in his study looks at some of the major economic, cultural and social issues faced by the developing countries arising from the vernal technology. Author concludes in his study that the new communication era should not be perceived on purely technological phenomenon. It ultimate carry on on social and cultural, although technological advancement is the key factor. This new era invites a change in social and cultural patterns.45Goonasekera (1995) conducted a study on 263 viewers of two metropolitan cities revealed that most popular channels were DD, Star Plus, BBC, zed and sun TV. Overall o pinion towards foreign programme was positive. The elements not liked in foreign programmes are sex, vulgarity, violence and crime. But the overall opinion of the viewers was firmly against foreign television programmes. 46Kya Bobo and Husten (2000) reveals key finding from the large body of literature on socio-cultural mechanisms that encourage tobacco and alcohol use among adolescents and adults. Authors produce that these mechanisms exert quasi(prenominal) set up on both alcohol and tobacco use behaviours. Socio-cultural factors that encourage smokers to drink and drinkers to smoke have not received gigantic study, but they may account for some of the substantial variations in adult tobacco use rates seen among different levels of alcohol consumption. The authors explains the recent wreaking of association between drinking and smoking that is consistent with changes in societal attitudes toward tobacco and standards of care in alcoholism treatment facilities, the connection may continue to be kinda st value among some population.47Menon and Vohra (2001) conducted a study on the sample consisted of 70 urban middle class (annual income between 4-10 lakh rupees) students in the age range of 18-23 years from colleges in New Delhi affiliated to Delhi University. The upper middle class sample was chosen for their access to television and satellite channels. University students were selected as it was felt that this plane section had the independence to watch what they want, and when they want as unlike school children, their free time is not rigidly regulated by the school curricula or parental rules regarding what to watch. Finding indicates the significant sexual activity difference was noticed in the viewership of the sports channel, music channels, English serials, Hindi serials and the family portrayal in the serial they would create (i.e. portraying new trends, nuclear family or a joint family). Further, educational differences between the postgrad uate and undergraduate sample were evident in the statistically significant differences in the viewership of Hindi serials and family portrayal in the self-creation section. These results indicate that the hypothesis suggesting that females would favour soap operas while the male sample would favour sports and information programmes.48Verma and Larson (2002) conducted a study to understand the effects of T.V. on offspring. A sample of 100 urban middle class Indian families selected for research. The author found in his study on an average adolescents viewing T.V. about 12 hours per week, 90% of this viewing occurred at home, 73% done with other family members, including 7% with grandparents, uncle or aunts. The study indicates that T.V. viewing for these young person is typically a family activity. The finding indicates that the T.V. viewing is typically a relaxed antidote to the stresses of the day that they share with their families.49Zia Anjum (2004) conducted a study on Cable picture Watching Habits of the Youth in Pakistan. This study was aimed at to collect precise data to analyze the opinion preferences and requirements of the youth in Lahore regarding their course T.V. watching habits. For this purpose, students of both genders of different colleges and Universities have been contacted so that lot belongs to all section of the society can be reached. A sample of 300 respondents in totality selected the result show that young batch only acquire entertainment from the parentage T.V. They wish to have access to only those selected channels that do not promote immorality and untraditional indecency.50 further, indicates in her study that a large majority (85%) of the college and university students have their own access to cable T.V. A vast majority of the youngsters (62%) spend 3-4 hours daily to watch cable television programmes. The largest portion of the sample under study (39%) only watches cable T.V. for the sake of entertainment, second major reason for which youngster prefer to watch cable T.V. is for Leisure (18%). Majority of youngsters are interested in watching foreign channels instead of Pakistani channels on the cable T.V. 51 ibidHemamalini et.al (2010) states that though violent images are portrayal in chutti T.V is no relationship between these images and children violent behaviour. Comparing to the television news channels and other adult focused other channels mostly in native channels the T.V. so not have any moorings towards Indian culture since they are foreign productions. It is state by authors that it is very difficult to dissociate violent images from the surroundings violence in which the children are captive. Authors state that the programmes that adults watch from in which the children are not spared are more violent images that Chutti T.V. For some children hostility is an expression that gives vent to their emotions. Authors state that children could be aggressive if he or she is hyper active. T his requires a need to channelize the aggression depicted in T.V. images so that it is expressed in a society acceptable manner. Authors explain that children should be discouraged to watch T.V. one hour forwards they go to bed. 52Daud et. al (2011) in his study state that television advertisements in general and those involving some celebrities have immense and long lasting impact on youths lifestyle, religious values, family bonding and their decision making for buying various items. Authors state that some of the effects are reallyly damaging for our society which are generally based on combined family system, established religions and cultural value and where majority of people cannot afford to purchase the products, which have severe temptation for youth in the race of show power. 53Ahluwalia and Singh (2011) revealed in his study that T.V. competes with family, school, society and religious institutions to provide role models and information that affect childrens beliefs, va lues, behaviour, attitude and lifestyle. This study was conducted to light upon note of T.V. viewing patterns amongst children from middle and upper middle socio-economic strata of the urban society. A sample of 400 children of 8 to 16 years of age, across the region of Punjab was selected. some(prenominal) the authors found in his study that on an average children watch 2 hours or less T.V. daily and most of them indulge in bedtime T.V. viewing. They watched T.V. primarily for entertainment and for study. Childrens most preferred programme was childrens show/serials followed by cartoon/animated programmes. 54THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThis study has analysed Socio-cultural bushel of telecasting on Youth. The briny purpose of this study was to find out the impact/influence of television programmes/channels on the life patterns of youth. As a communication technology, television has a great acceptance and is being used extensively in India. Television viewership is no more restricted to the upper and upper-middle class of India as it used to be a few years back.Being inexpensive and easy to access, television spread rapidly in India. It has become one of the common household commodities. Therefore, this study attempted to understand whether demography influenced the viewership patterns of respondents or not. Television provides a variety of local and foreign channels and helps people in selecting programmes according to their taste and choice. Therefore, the runner theatrical role of this study explored respondents preferred channels and kinds of programmes, reasons for watching television, preferred time of watching and control over the remote. It justified the application of Uses and rapture opening. This theory identifies television consumption patterns according to needs and satisfaction of targeted class. The gratification factor leads to the exposure of channels/programmes which in turn can generate impact/effects.Main part of the present research com es under the impact tradition. It demands discussion on theories based on observational learning and information processing emphasize lasting impact/effects of exposure to media contents. Thus, the study also applies finish possibility in terms of impact through exposure (depending upon heavy and light viewership of television) and Social learning conjecture which says that viewers attend and learn from models which are attractive, powerful, rewarding and similar to themselves. They do not act immediately on what they learn from television. Instead, they store such knowledge to be used when their own circumstances elicit it. Hence, the framework of this research is based on the set of three theories i.e. Uses and Gratification Theory, Cultivation Theory and Social Learning Theory. These theories are discussed below in relation with the present study in brief.2.1Uses and GratificationUtility Theory, often known as the Uses and Gratification Approach offers another way of explaining why people expose themselves to some communications and not others (the preferred channels/programmes) why they perceive a split up of these to which they are exposed and why they remember- correctly or incorrectly. Blumler and Katzs Uses and Gratification Theory suggest that media users play an active role in choosing and using media. Users take an active part in the communication process and are goal oriented in their media usage. Theorists say that media users seek out source that best fulfils their needs. Uses and Gratification Theory assumes that users have alternate choices to satisfy their needs (Griffin. 2000).55Focus of this theory is that viewers attend perceive and remember information that is pleasurable or that will in some way help satisfy their needs. Therefore, this research probed into which television channels/programmes are preferred by the targeted audience and which of their needs are satisfied by viewing them.Uses and Gratification Theory takes a more humanis tic approach to looking at the media usage. Blumler and Katz believe that there is not merely one way that the populace uses media. Instead, they believe there are as many reasons for using media as there are media users. According to the theory, media consumers have a free will to decide how they will use the media and how it will affect them. Blumler and Katz believe that media consumers can look at the influence media has on them as well as the idea that users choose media alternatives merely as a mean. Uses and Gratification Theory is the optimists view of media. The theory takes out the possibility that media can have an unconscious influence on our lives and how we view the world. The idea that we simply use media to satisfy a given need does not seem to fully recognize the power of media in todays society. (West, R. and Turner, I..H. 2000 332).562.2 Cultivation Theory(Cultivation theory-sometimes referred to as the cultivation hypothesis or cultivation analysis-was an approa ch developed by Professor George Grebner, dean of the Annenberg School of Communication at the University of Pennysylvania. He began the heathenish Indicators research project in the mid-1960s, to study whether and how watching television may influence viewers ideas of what the everyday world is like.) 57Cultivation Theory in its most basic form, suggests that television is responsible for shaping or cultivating viewers conceptions of social reality. The combined effect of massive television exposure by viewers over time subtly shapes the perception of social reality for individuals and, ultimately for our culture as a whole. Thus, cultivation research is in the effects traditions.Cultivation research looks at the mass media as a socialising agent and investigates whether television viewers come to believe the television version of reality the more they watch it. Gerbner and his colleagues argue that television drama has a small but significant influence on the attitudes, beliefs a nd judgement of viewers concerning the social world. The focus is on heavy viewers. People who watch a lot of television are likely to be more influenced by the ways in which the world is frame by television programmes than are individuals who watch less, curiously regarding topics of which the viewer has little first-hand experience. Light viewers may have more sources of information than heavy viewers. 58This study has used Cultivation Theory by George Gerbner as a guide in exploring the consequences/effects. Under guidance of this theory, this study may be able to emerge as a new theory. Essentially, the theory states that heavy exposure to mass media namely television creates and cultivates attitudes more consistent with a media conjured version of reality than with what actual reality is. The cultivation theory asserts that heavy viewers attitudes are cultivated primarily by what they watch on television. Gerbner views this television world as not a window on or reflection of the world, but a world in itself (Mc Quail. 1993 100).59Cultivation theorists argue that television has long term effects which are small, gradual, indirect but cumulative and significant. They emphasize the effects of television viewing on attitude quite an than the behaviour of viewers. Heavy viewing of television is seen as cultivating attitudes which are more consistent with the world of television programmes than with the everyday world. Cultivation theorists are best known for their study of television and viewers and in particular, for a focus on the topic of violence. However, some studies have also considered other mass media from this perspective and have dealt with topics such as gender roles, age groups, ethnic groups and political attitudes.Cultivation theorists argue that heavy viewing leads viewers (even among high educational/high income groups) to have more homogeneous or convergent opinions then light viewers (who tend to have more heterogeneous or divergent opini on). The cultivation effect of television viewing is one of the levelling or homogenizing opinion. Gross considered that television is a cultural arm of the established industrial order and as such serves primarily to maintain, stabilize and reinforce rather than to alter, threaten or weaken conventional beliefs and behaviours (Boyd. Barrett. Braham. And Peter, B. 1987 100).60Cultivation theorists are well known for their study of television and viewers and in particular for a focus on the topic of violence. However, some studies have also considered other mass media from this perspective and have dealt with topics such as gender roles, age groups, ethnic groups and political attitudes. A study of American college students found that heavy soap opera viewers were more likely than light viewers to overestimate the number of real life married people who had affairs or who had been divorced and the number of women who had abortions (Wimmer and Dominick. 1993 512).61Gerbner reported evi dence for resonance a double dose effect which may boost cultivation. This is held to occur when viewers everyday life experiences are congruent with those depicted in the television world. For instance, since on television women are most likely to be victims of crime, women heavy viewers are influenced by the usual heavy viewer mainstreaming effect but are also led to feel especially fearful for themselves as women. The cultivation effect is also argued to be strongest when viewers neighbourhood is similar to that shown on television. Crime on television is largely urban. So urban heavy viewers are subject to a double dose and cultivation theorists argue that violent content resonates more for them. The strongest effects of heavy viewing on attitudes to violence are likely to be amongst those in the high crime areas of cities (Gerbner. 1993).622.3 Social Learning TheoryThe linguistic rule understanding of social learning theory is tied the social context of learning. Bandura has e mphasized the fact that people who observe responses of individuals tend to exhibit the same when placed in similar settings. According to Bandura, behaviours and responses that are repeated, perceived as real, distinct, functional and salient are more likely to be attended to, thus more likely to be learned. When observing an event, which receives some kind of reward like social approval, pleasant experience and when the observer feels confident to perform, its symbolic imitation is facilitated. The social cognitive principle has been widely employed to explain in television effects on a variety of social issues such as aggression, ethnic stereotypes, alcohol, attitudes and behaviour. It also stresses the immenseness of viewers cognitive activities when consuming television messages (Bandura. 1977). 63Any person socialization process is influenced by innumerable factors such as family, school, environment factors etcetera Direct experience and participation are important paramete rs which shape the youths impressions of the perceived structure of their environment. Mass media, particularly television plays a crucial role in bringing the outside world into homes. As an important institution, mass media enters the socialization process of an individual.The Social Learning Theory explains how environment influences the behaviour of an individual. DeFleur and Sandra (1989) stated contempt general in nature, social learning theory is particularly relevant to study the impact of mass communication because the description and portrayal of social life is a frequent subject in media contents. The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are television commercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using a particular shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractive people. Depending upon the component processes involved (such as attention or motivation), users may model the behaviour shown in the comme rcial and buy the product being advertised. Actions of characters in the audio-visual media can serve as a model for others to imitate. Modelling Theory is also useful for describing the application of general Social Learning Theory which explain how new behaviours are acquired by people from media portrayals. An individual observes a character, identifies him/her as a model and remembers actions of model and performs them when confronted with similar circumstances (DeFleur and Sandra. 1989).64In light of all these theories stated above, it is important to mention that the police detective has formulated a combination of the three theories in order to assess what is the main reason of their watching, their preferred channels and programmes (Uses and Gratification Theory). While on the other hand, it has also measured what kind of effects are taking place in the lives of the sample under study? If there are some affects that are changing attitudes of youth under the study. Are these effects long-lasting or short term (Cultivation Analysis and Social Learning Theory). Hence, the researcher intended to explore all this for which the base of above mentioned theories was most suitable and required.Based on the Social Learning, Cultivation and Uses and Gratification theories, the present study hypothesized that characters and their behaviour in programmes of television channels serve as a model for heavy viewers. They may acquire certain characteristics which in turn influence their attitudes. It was also assumed that the youth (aged18-25 years) are vulnerable to influences and tend to be inclined towards change. Youth would serve as a barometer to assess the influence of television. Hence, youth of age 18-25 were selected for the study to set up the degree to which their attitudes were influenced by television.no(prenominal), with the availability of the foreign channels, an important question arises does a youths behaviour reflect what his/her has watched on the television screen? The impact of foreign television programmes on youth involves a number of indispensible factors such as interest in the programmes, viewing pattern, reasons for watching, attitude towards programmes and models of social reality that these programmes promote. The study aimed at finding out whether and to what extent television affect youth in Rohtak and Jhajjar districts. The researcher aimed at finding answers to questions such as what youth think about these programmes in terms of their preferences and relevance. Is there any restriction on youth for watching television channels? Whether they experience an impact of these programmes on their attitudes or not? quit NotesKennedy Shannon. 1997. Television and Society, diary of Asia Pacific Communications, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 199-204.Gary A. Steiner, The People Look at Television A Study of Audience Attitudes. New York Alfred. A Knopf 1963. pp. 4-5.George Cromstock, The Impact of Television on American Institutions, daybook of communication, vol. 55, Oct. (1978), pp. 18-28.Robert Hargreaves, Television and current affairs In politics and the media, (ed) M.J. Clark Oxford Pergamon Press Ltd. (1979), pp. 9-10.Gilbert A. Churchill, T.V. and Interpersonal Influences on Adolescents Consumer Learning, Journal of Consumer Research Vol. 6, No. 1, June (1979), pp. 23-35.Jha R.C. and B.P.Sinha, Programmes and Audience of Delhi T.V. Analysis, Vidura, Vol. 16, No. 5 Oct. (1979).Comstock George, Television in America, London Sage Publication (1980), pp. 30-36.Jackson Beech et.al, The social world of Heavy Television viewers, Journal of Broadcasting, Vol. 24, No. 1 winter (1980), pp. 5-11.Harvey W. Eastman and Marsha B. Liss, T.V. Preferences of Children from four parts of the U.S.A. journalism Quarterly Vol. 57, No. 3, Autumn (1980), pp. 488-491Hansra, B.S. and Chauhan, H.K. 1980, Television and the Youth Elite, Indian Journal of Social Research, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 42-47.)Robert Churchill, Childrens and parents viewing and perceptions of violence Journalism Quarterly Vol. 58, No. 4, Winter (1981), pp. 562 and 581.Thomas D.Cook, Deborah. A. Kendzieraki and Stephen V. Thomas, The impact assumptions of Television Research An analysis of the 1982 NIMH Report on T.V. and Behaviour, Public discernment Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 1 spring (1983), pp. 189-201.Lesley Johnsono, The Uses of the Media An Interpretation of the significance of the mass media in the lives of young people, Discourse Vol. 4, No. 2, April (1984), pp. 25-31.Charles Atkin et. al. (1984). Teenage Drinking Does Advertising make a difference? Journal of communication Vol. 34, No. 2, spring, pp. 160-167.15. Sirgy M. Joseph, Lee Dong-Jin, Kosenko Rustan , and Meadow H. Lee. (1998). Does T.V Viwership play a role in the Perception of Quality of Life? Journal of Advertising, Vol. 27 Issue 1. Pp. 125-142.16. Das R.P. 1987. Consumer Behaviour in TV-A Case Study in Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra University Research Journal, V ol. 41, pp. 16-21.17. Shah, Anupama and kaushal, Anjana. 1988. Impact of Television on Students, Journal of Indian Education, Vol. 13. No.5, pp. 24-29.18. Sharda, P.V. 1989. Impact of Television on Rural Areas, Communicator, Vol. 25, No. 4 p. 2.19. Mohansundaram, V. and Dass, Benny. 1990. Television Impact on the Family, Social Welfare, Vol. 37, No.7, pp. 11-13.21.Mehrotra, N.1991. Impact of Television view on Household Activities, Indian Journal of Extension Education, Vol. 2, No. 3-4, pp. 123-124.22.Gangadharappa, M. 1991. Impact of Afternoon TV on Housewives in Dharwad City, Communicator, Vol. 26, No.3, Sept. Pp. 32-33.23.Cosby, C.D. 1992. The Influence of Television Imagery on Selected African-American Young Adults Self-Perceptions, Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 53, No.6, Dec., P. 1875A.24. Singh, Saraswati and Arora, S. 1992. core of Television Viewing upon Youths of Doon Valley, Indian Psychological Review, Vol. 38, No, 9-10, Sept.-Dec. Pp. 21-26.25.Bhasha, S.S. 1992. Impact of Television Violence on Teenagers, Experiments in Education, Vol. 20, No. 11, pp. 289-297.26.Chauhan, Kanwar. 1992. Social Structure and the Objectivity of Television countersign in S.R.Mehta (ed), Communication in Social Development, New Delhi Rawat Publication.27.Aggarwal, V.B. 1993. Impact of Cable TV on Social Life, Communicator, Vol. 28, No. 3, July-Sept., pp. 7-9.28.Murthy, J.S. 1994. Students preference for DD and ZTV Programmes, Communicator, Vol. 24, No.4, pp. 10-11.29.Ninan,S., Through the Magic windowpane Television and Change in India New Delhi Penguine Books, 1995.30. Chompaisal, Sawangchit. 1995. The perceived Influence of Television on Achievement in Children and Adolescents in Thiland, Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 56 No.3, Sept., P. 74 A.)31.Unikrishnan,N. and Bajpai,S., The Impact of Television Advertising on Children, New Delhi Sage,1996.32.Saksena,G., Television in India Change and Challenges, New Delhi Vikas Publishing House. Pvt. L td, 1996, pp. 54-55.33.Karla,R.K.,and Kalra,A., Impact of Cable Television on Adolescents. Kurukshetra Jan-Feb.1996, pp. 78-80.34.Midson, J. 1997. Television viewing habits of Children in Virginia, Journal of Asia on Pacific Communication, Vol. 8, No.1, PP. 176-189.35.Kang Jong G. 1997. Television Influence on Cultural and Societal Values Among Japanese Students, Journal of Asia Pacific Communication, Vol.81,pp. 181-190.36.Hadique Mala and Ms. Ahmed, Jasmine. 1998. TV Viewing Time Pattern of School Children, Communicator, Jan-March, pp. 14-17.37.Kaur, Jasbir. 1999. Influence of Television on Social Life, Communicator, Vol. 34, No. 1, Jan-March, pp. 32-35.38. Gaikwad, N.B.2000. Parental Views about the Effects of T.V. Viewing on their Childrens Interest and Activities, Indian Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 37, pp. 21-25.39.Yanovtzky, I.2001. Mass Media, Social Norms and Health, Communication Research, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 208-239.40.Chauhan, Kanwar. 2001. Television and Social Tr ansformation, New Delhi Swarup and Sons.41. Shanahan, James and Michael Morgan (1992). Adolescents, families and television in five countries- Implications for cross-cultural educational research, Journal of Educational Television, Vol 18 Issue 1 pp. 35-55.42. Kuo, Yi-Wu. (1990). Television and the value system of Taiwans adolescents A cultivation analysis. Ph.D Dissertation, University of Massachusetts. Dissertation Abstract Inter-National, Vol. 50 No. 12 pp. 3783 A43. Kang, Jong Geum (1989). Cultural Indicators-The Korean Cultural Outlook Profile, Ph.D Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Dissertation Abstracts International, Vol. 50 No. 5 pp. 1126A44. ibid45. Ware, William and Michael Dupagne (1994). Effects of U.S. Television Programmes on Foreign Audience-A Meta analysis, Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 71 No. 4 pp. 947-959.46. Goonasekera, Anura (1995). Asian viewers do not see Western programmes as corrupting their culture, Media Asia, Vol.

Skills as a photographer

Skills as a photographerAnnie Leibovitz was born in Connecticut on the 2nd of October, 1949. She was one of sestet children born to Sam and Marilyn Leibovitz, a dance instructor. In 1967, Leibovitz registered at the San Francisco Art Institute. She developed a love for photography while on a trip-up to Japan with her mother in the summer of her sophomore year. That autumn she started classes in photography 1I was totally seduced by the wonderment of it all, she told a writer for Art News. To memorise something that by and bynoon and have it materialize before your eyes that same day. There was a real immediacy to it. I lived in the darkroom. A trip to Israel helped her to unfeignedly develop her skills as a photographer.While she was still a student at the institute, Rolling Stone magazine gave Leibovitz her first commercial assignment after she approached Jann Wenner, in 1970, the founding editor of Rolling Stone magazine, which he had recently launched. The assignment was to pullulate a picture of the Beatles musician John Lennon. The black and gabardine image of the unkempt rock star was released on the cover of the 1971 issue on January 21st. In 1973 when she was totally 23 years old she was given the theorize of being the magazines main photographer. She held this position for ten years.In 1974 Rolling Stone began printing the magazine in colour and Leibovitiz changed with it. 2In school, I wasnt taught anything active lighting, and I was barely taught black-and-white, she told ART news in 1992. So I had to learn colour myself. Using colour Leibovitz created her own signature style, the colours can be draw as brilliant perhaps because it printed well. Some of the famous musicians she photographed include Bob Dylan, Bob Marley, and Patti Smith. At first her photographs of celebrities were like snap triggermans, where she tried to capture her subject in the moment. But she soon noticed her ability to put people at ease and help them to let down t heir guard. She encouraged her subjects to pose for her doing eccentric or silly things which revealed much more of their personalities than a straight portrait ever could. i of Leibovitzs secrets to her success is researching her subjects before she has he photo shoots with them. She reads or watches their works if viable she spends time observing their daily lives.However one of the shots that really created her standing as a top photographer is her photo of John Lennon hours before he died. In 1980 leibovitz was sent to take a photograph of John Lennon and Yoko Ono. Leibovitz had originally planned that the couple would pose together nude. Even though Lennon happily obliged, Ono refused to take run into her clothes, much to the disappointment of Liebovitz. She decided to work with Yoko Ono clothed and Lennon naked I was thinking that they had never been embarrassed to take their clothes off, that they could do a nude embrace, says Leibovitz, who was photographing them for a Ro lling Stone cover to mark the release of Double Fantasy, their first album in five years.3 John took his clothes off in a few seconds, but Yoko was very reluctant. She said, Ill take my shirt off but not my pants. I was kinda disappointed, and I said, sound leave everything on. We took one Polaroid, and the three of us knew it was profound right away.. The final image shows John Lennon nude, curled around a fully dressed Yoko Ono. This shot was used for the cover of the commemorative issue of the Rolling Stone.Another project which helped push her to the top was her documentation of the Rolling Stones 1975 world incumbrance. The photographs she created while she lived and travelled with the mint have been described as being 4some of the most eloquent images ever made of the world of Rock and Roll.. This project helped give Leibovitz a big constitute among the top photographers. However she unfortunately became involved with drugs, being part of the groups entourage and with the burden of her career pushed her towards the usage of cocaine. She has been quoted in Vanity Fair that 5I went on that Rolling Stones tour to get to the heart of something, to see what it was like. People always talk just about the soul of the sitter in a photograph, but the photographer has a soul, too. And I just about lost it. It took Leibovitz almost five years to get over the tour, which she did and her career continued to take new heights. In one interview Leibovitz talks about the effect being on the Rolling Stones tour affected her 6 Ive been on many tour buses and at many concerts, but the best photographs Ive made of musicians at work were done during that Rolling Stones tour. I probably spent more time on it than on any other subject. For me, the story about the pictures is about almost losing myself, and coming back, and what it means to be deeply involved in a subject. You can get amazing work, but youve got to be careful. The thing that salvage me was that I had my c amera by my side. It was there to remind me who I was and what I did. It separated me from them.Over time she became known for her picture of celebrities, some of these photos include Whoopi Goldberg with only her face, arms, and legs peeking out of a bathtub full of milk and the artist Christo wrapped in fabric as if he was in one of his own pieces of art. Andy Grundberg a well known photography writer and critic has pointed out that Leibovitz exaggerates the distinctive characteristic of the celebrities public image in a way thats funny and deflating. One of her most controversial photographs was a 1992 Vanity Fair cover. It featured the actress Demy Moore who was nude and pregnant.http//www.answers.com/topic/annie-leibovitz , 1215, 04-12-09http//www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/annie-leibovitz/life-through-a-lens/16/ , 1230, 04-12-09http//www.rollingstone.com/news/story/6478087/behind_the_photo_john_and_yoko, 1240 04-12-09 http//www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_09/ewb_0 9_03807.html, 1245, 04-12-09 http//www.novelguide.com/a/discover/ewb_09/ewb_09_03807.html, 1257,04-12-09 http//kottke.org/08/09/annie-leibovitz-on-photography 1430, 04-12-09

The Problems Of Human Population Levels Environmental Sciences Essay

The Problems Of Human Population Levels Environmental Sciences EssaySuppose the world commonwealth halt suppuration today (whew) What environmental troubles would that solve? Which ones would remain? What remaining problems would get worse?The biggest problem facing our environment today is the existence of our planet. If the population of the world s pass byped today it would help improve living standards and perhaps facilitate more time to improve technology plus help balance the natural resources we seduce available.Taking steps to preserve or stop the abuse of our environment will largely depend on stabilizing the population. Serious concerns remain if we do not adopt some method of slowing the population. Birth influence is one step in slowing hatful the worlds population. Education in ontogenesis countries is paramount. M some(prenominal) of these countries continue to have large families to ensure a sort of social security. However, the health of these families does no t insure the longevity of the individuals. Many children die earlyish as the result of poor nutrition and the lack of public health programs.However, even if we were able to contain the population from growing exponentially our environment windlessness needs improvement in almost e genuinely sector. No one realizes for sure just how many individuals mother earth can support. What we do know is that major(ip) problems such as public health, food supply, fresh water and the continued degrading and destruction of our woodlands and rain plants will remain. Plant biodiversity and climate control ar overly major terminations that need our attention.Finally we need to look at what major problems would still remain after a cap in population came into effect. According to the expression How Global Population Growth is Cr sweep awaying Serious Problems by Larry West posted at www.environmentab push through.com the largest fear is that in flood tide decades the population of the plane t will be faced with sincere water-stress or water-scarce situations. These conditions will continue to intensify in meeting the needs of all individuals. The most serious of these overpopulation problems include starvation, pandemic diseases or warfargon to secure a means of survival.Describe a substance in which you use the scientific process in your life?The scientific process involves the followingidentify a problem you would corresponding to solve,formulate a hypothesis,test the hypothesis,collect and analyze the data, agnize conclusions. trinity years ago we purchased an above ground swimming pool. My husband and I have owned two other such swimming pools. Although far from beingness experts we atomic number 18 both well versed in the care and cleaning of a swimming pool. We were talked into purchasing a paper cartridge type of filter. We had unendingly used a sand filter and they had unendingly performed well. Thinking that this new technology was better than sand we p urchased the new filter. What should have been a fun acoustic projection turned into a real nightmare.The problem was we could not constrain the water clear. Although we knew what the problem was, the hypothesis was determining what was causing the water to go from clear to white. We well-tried the water we had other people test the water. No one could come up with a reason why this was happening. Finally after using many chemicals and gallons and gallons of chlorine we stumbled upon a pool company near us. They also tested the water and low and behold we had phosphates or the common term, white algae. I had always thought that algae were green or black. However, as we learned there is also a variety known as white algae. The material was coming from our well water as well as in the air from farmers in the area spraying fertilizer. Our terrific new filter that we had purchased could not trade the problem. Last year we finally gave the original filter the heave-ho and purchased the reliable sand filter and the results have been no more problemsA problem that I would like to solve is that of a cat spraying. It has to be the most disgusting thing I have ever encountered.One would have to wonder why cats do this. According to an clause at www.iams.com Is your Cat Potty Naughty this is a rather common problem curiously for certain cats. After observing cats in general, there are actually several reasons why this happens. First and foremost they do it to mark their territory. This is why it is principal(prenominal) to spay or neuter animals especially males. The other issues concern the health of the animal or perhaps a behavioral issue. We have a cat that had both a health issue and a behavioral issue. We got the health issue taken care of with the help of our veteran. The behavioral issue was something that was going to take some time. At the suggestion of the veterinarian we secluded this animal in a cage by himself. In addition we tried all kind of clea ning chemicals to get rid of any remaining odor. Thank goodness none of it was on any of the carpeting What we found however was certain cleaning solutions made the naught potty problem moreover worse. Any product with ammonia only attracted the animal right back to the spot. So after trial and error we finally found that only cat cleaners that our vet recommended worked.3. Describe two specific ways that microbes are important environmentally speaking, outside of the areas of health and food. Describe one way that microbes are beneficial in health.Just what is a microbe? Microbes play a very important graphic symbol in our environment. According to www.library.thinkquest.org microbes are very small organisms belonging to various groups Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa and viruses. According to this article they play a significant role in our life on this planet. Without them there would be no earth as we know it. Phytoplankton is one microbe which resides in the ocean. Its role is to pr ovide oxygen and help slow global warming by removing some of the carbon dioxide produced when we burn fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas or gasoline. In addition microbes provide a natural nauseous to control pests on food crops and other vegetation. Perhaps if we relied more on this natural pest control we could reduce the use of harmful chemicals that end up on our food.Microbes are also present in our bodies. The friendly bacteria present in our bodies help to break down the food we eat and also prevent us from succumbing to serious illness by preventing harmful bacteria from entering our bodies.4. Explain what could happen to the ecosystem where American Alligators live if the alligators went extinct. Name a establish species and animal species that would be seriously affected and describe how for each one might respond to these changes in their environment.The American Alligator is known as a guts Species. One might wonder just what a Keystone Species is. These species are those that play a critical role in the maintaining of the ecosystem where those species reside. Keystone Species such as the American Alligator have a very particular niche in the area where they reside. According to an article at www.atlss.org/gator the American Alligators role is one that has a major effect on the plant communities and associated aquatic animals. The alligators have survived where others have been come extinct. At www.exploringnature.org it was cited that alligators were put on the en jeopardyed species arguing back in 1967 and protected from hunting. After the alligator has hatched its young, the alligators nesting mounds provide a nesting area for other species such as herons, egrets and red-bellied turtles. In addition alligators keep in check the population of certain predatory tilt such as the Gar. Perhaps the most important role they play is by retention the wetlands open thereby sustaining the area by providing a inhabitation to many other plants a nd animals. It important to realize certain species even though thought of as annoying pests are quite important to our whole ecosystem.Take the same approach that you used in Question 4 and research and discuss the reaching of the Asian Carp into Lake statute mile.What are Asian Carp and where did these fish come from? According to an article at www.time.com these fish are related to what are ordinarily called bighead and silver carp. The Asian Carp are native to China and parts of Southeast Asia. These fish were originally used by American catfish farmers to eat the algae in their ponds. The Asian Carp have slowly found ways to make it into the Mississippi River and are now threatening Lake Michigan. According to the article these fish even though they are not particularly dangerous to people, grow quickly and adapt very well to their new environment. What makes them dangerous is that they ease up on plankton which removes the bottom layers of the food chain of native fish spec ies. Their potential presence is a very serious problem that has multiple effects. Their entry into Lake Michigan has the potential to ruin the fishing and tourism industries of Lake Michigan and the surrounding states. After all what fisherman would like to be smacked by one of these huge fish that seem to love to go airborne when disruptedFrom another ecological perspective, the Great Lakes are a key mid-continent migration rest stop for hundreds of thousands of waterfowl agree to an article at www.ducks.org. Because these fish have such a huge appetite they can eat their weight in vegetation daily release the wetlands degraded and destroyed for these migrating waterfowl. This problem demonstrates what can happen when an invasive species find its way into a new area, allowed to reproduce and destroys the original ecosystem.Identify a major local, national or global environmental problem and research anddescribe the role of population growth on this problem.Lake Manitou is a 735 acre manmade lake laid in Rochester, Indiana. This lake is home to many residents of Fulton County, Indiana and also a hot spot in the summer to many individuals living outside the Fulton County area. In 2006 it was observe that Lake Manitou was being jeopardize by an invasive fast-growing aquatic plant. The name of this pant is Hydrilla verticillata. Hydrilla is a noxious plant according to www.plants.usda.gov. In addition, according to an article found at www.rochsent.com Hydrilla invades lake this plant is commonly found in southern states. What makes this plant so serious is that it invades the water ecosystem and has the potential to choke out other aquatic plants. on that point are several ways that this plant may have made its way into this lake. Since this lake is a popular boating lake it is likely that a boat was contaminated somewhere else and when launched into Manitou it released the plant. The second reason according the Indiana DNR is that individuals who live or rent cottages at the lake unintentionally tossed water tend or pond plants into the lake. My husband and I live on a private lake in Fulton County. This lake has been used in the past by many residents for fishing. However, we are very picky and do not allow any boats to come on our right(a)ty especially after this incident at Lake Manitou. It is very important to my husband and me that we maintain the quality of the lake and protect the ecosystem right in our own backyard.Explain in a detailed way why most of the animals in tropic rainforest live in trees.Tropical rainforests are defined as dense forests with high amounts of rainfall and are located in tropical regions of the world. These forests are home to all kinds of animals and insect life. In fact there are probably many animals and or insects that have yet to be discovered in the rainforests. According to Rainforest an article located at www.rainforestanimals.net there are several layers to the rainforest. These layers a re known as Emergent Layer, Canopy, Understory and the Rainforest floor. The top layer known as the Emergent Layer is home to a variety of insects, some species of bats and some species of birds. The next layer known as the Canopy is composed of trees that grow to heights of 100 150 feet. It is in these two areas where most of the animals make their home and find their food. The lower levels of the rain forest do not receive much sunlight however these levels still provide an environment conducive to a variety of life that inhabits the rainforest floor.It does make one wonder how so many species can live in harmony and find the food and water to survive. The main reason is because they have adapted to living on specific plants or animals which other species are unable to eat. I found a very interesting article at www.ran.org. that explains how these species often help each other by supplying fruits and vegetation by droppings etc. However, these species have become so dependent o n each other that if one does not survive the other will often become extinct as well.Using the bird example as a model, identify another species that your lifestyle (or that of our community) could directly or indirectly contribute to its premature extinction. What are three things that could be done to mitigate that?Extinction is forever. There is no turning back the clock to save the species which in the case of the passenger pigeon was directly the result of human intervention. It is our human activities that have the most underlying effect on species animals and plants alike. By degrading and destroying our environment we are the prime reason why species are becoming extinct.One species that could be in danger is migrating waterfowl. By degrading and destroying wetlands and marshes we are limiting the areas where these animals take refuge. On a local perspective we all become annoyed at the growing population of the Canada goose. They seem to be everywhere. But have you ever t hought that perhaps we have taken away the areas that once belonged to them? In our local community the golfers are upset because there is a large population of geese. Well what do you expect down the road is a large 735 acre lake and wetlands next to the gold course. It unfeignedly makes me angry when we take areas away from these animals and then complain about their presence. Where are they supposed to live?Another area that is in danger is located in Western Canada and Central Alaska that is home to one of the largest forested regions in the world according to the article Western Boreal Forest Canada Region 5 located at www.ducks.org . This massive forest area is home to many species of waterfowl including ducks, loons and sandhill cranes. It is where they migrate, molt and breed. These pristine areas of lakes and forests have in the past been immune to outside adulteration and destruction due to the remote area where it is located. However, it is evident that humans are movi ng into this area in search of ways to feed our growing petroleum consumption. It will have a profound effect on the land, the species and the climate of this region.There are many things that can be done to protect these wonderful areas. One of the most important I feel is education. Ducks Unlimited strives to do just that by educating individuals and maintaining existing wetlands. In addition we need to use proper forest management to protect these areas. Lastly we need to find solutions to decrease our huge appetite for petroleum. In doing so we alleviate several problems, cut down on destroying pristine areas which are home to many species, lower water and air population and slow down the process of greenhouse gases. All of these are important to sustain our environment.

Comparing the Journey in Little Prince, Siddhartha, and the Monkey God :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Journey in Little Prince, Siddhartha, and the Monkey God Have you ever affirm that there is something incomplete in your life, both on the outside and from within? Whatever that may be, you have something in common with the main character from to each one of these works The Little Prince, Siddhartha, and The Monkey God. All three works are about someone sensing something is missing and thus sets forth on a journey to fill in that hole. The Little Prince, from The Little Prince, sets on a journey to find out how to lamb and what he learned was more than love, it was the facet behind taming. Siddhartha, from Siddhartha, left his life filled with riches and pleasure to seek nirvana and riddance of the Self. And finally the half human, half monkey, from The Monkey God, sets on a search to learn how to respect and maturity to fully utilize the powers he held as a god. All three works are totally polar in environment, characters, and time setting, but they all have one similar goal to find and complete their quest. The Little Princes journey to find out how to love grows from the missing link between his flower and him. But he learns that love comes from taming which he has never heard of. Starting from the comfort of his home on Asteriod-612, he left to travel far and wide to seek the meaning of love. Having the opportunity to meet many people, he learns something from each and one of them. The king represented the fiendish of totalitarianism, the conceited man represents one of the evil aspects of human, the tippler showed the sorrow and pain a person can hold, the businessman showed how a person can take greed, the lamplighter represents loyalty, one of the good sides of human being, finally meeting the geographer, the Little Prince learns curiosity and hard work. But meeting all these people still havent gave the Little Prince what he wanted yet. He finally trampled upon Earth, where he will soon find what he is looking for. The first person he met on Earth was the snake, a symbol of evil and deceit. But the Little Prince was not alone as he also finds the narrator who will be his

The Legality and Ethics of Internet Advertising Essay -- Exploratory E

The Legality and Ethics of Internet Advertising ABSTRACT Recently, DoubleClick.com, one of the worlds premier Internet ad firms was at the center of a Federal Trade Commission investigation on privacy. Consumer privacy advocates have charged the company with infringing on the privacy of meshingsurfers because of the aggressive operator it uses to gather maintaination for profit. This paper discusses the legal and moral issues surrounding these tactics. Were the companys aggressive tactics legally permissible? Were they ethical? Companies such as DoubleClick need to inform the websurfer that he/she is being monitored. The world of the Internet uses advertising as its central driving force. Internet start-up companies have spent millions upon millions of dollars on advertising, making Internet advertising a very lucrative business. In fact, right now the advertising market is estimated to be charge about $6.6 billion and is expected to be worth $27 billion by 2004.1 One of the leaders in the business, DoubleClick.com, has a significant market sh atomic number 18 of the industry with over 1,500 client sites. The aggressive means by which DoubleClick operates has made it the advertiser of choice by many Internet companies. The power of DoubleClick is in its usage of Internet cookies to gather information on web surfers. Every time you visit a website that is powered by DoubleClick, an Internet cookie is placed on to your web browser. The cookie helps DoubleClick track what your Internet habits are and which websites you visit most often. This information is then kept in a database that is later used by DoubleClick to target consumers with ads based on the information that it has on different user types. It is estim... ...m/NewWebstories/doubleclick_priv_2_23.htmNotes1 Frook, John E. Tactics vary in race for ad network dominance. BtoB. October 23, 2000 Vol. 85 1.2 Magill, Ken. DoubleClick Profiling Not Dead, iMarketing discussion Vol. 2 No.9 (2000)1.3 IBID.4 IBID.5 What Goes Up(The DoubleClick Story). Privacy Times. February 3,2000 <http//www.privacytimes.com/NewWebstories/doubleclick_priv_2_23.htm6 FTC Closes Investigation of DoubleClicks Privacy Practices. January 22, 2001 http//www.doubleclick.net80/us/corporate/ turn onkit/press-releases.asp?asp_object_1=& press%5Frelease%5Fid=24897 Anstead, Mark. InternetTaking a tough line on privacy- New legislation threatens internet data collection. Marketing. April 13, 2000.8 IBID.9 Hawkins, Dana Mannix, Margaret. in-person Tech. U.S. News & World Report. Vol. 129 No.13.10 IBID.